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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/snoopy1866/p/16069000.html

定性检测的样本量估算常用单组目标值法和抽样误差法，《体外诊断试剂临床试验技术指导原则》（2017年第72号）中提到：当评价指标P接近100%时，这两种样本量估算方法可能不适用，应考虑更加适宜的方法进行样本量估算和统计学分析，如精确概率法。

1. PASS软件估计样本量

PASS 软件提供的 Test for One Proportion 模块提供了精确概率法的选项，在 Power Calculation Method 中选择 Binomial Enumeration 即可。SAS 软件的 PROC POWER 过程则不支持精确概率法。

例如：某试剂的阳性符合率预期值为98%，目标值为95%，取显著性水平α=0.05，检验效能1-β=0.8，试估计所需样本量。
由于98%接近100%，因此采用精确概率法计算样本量。在 PASS 软件中设置相关参数，计算所需样本量为312。

2. 功效曲线的"锯齿状"现象

需要注意的是：PASS软件通过迭代寻找满足检验效能高于0.8的样本量，当找到一个满足条件的样本量时，PASS即中止迭代，然而此时的样本量有可能并不是保守的。下面将展示这种“不保守”的现象。

在PASS软件中，我们设定求解目标为Power，样本量取值为区间[310, 370]，绘制功效曲线如下：

可以发现：检验效能并非随着样本量增加而单调增加，而是显示出“锯齿状”（saw-toothed），即使样本量高于PASS软件计算出的312，也存在检验效能低于0.8的情况，当且仅当样本量≥338时，才能保证检验效能稳定在0.8以上。造成此现象的原因是二项分布的离散性。

3. SAS 宏程序

以下SAS宏代码可用于计算给定参数下的精确概率法的最保守样本量，供参考。
程序的基本思路如下：
Step1. 使用 PROC POWER 过程的近似正态法计算一个粗略的样本量 n1
Step2. 在 n1 附近找一个区间，区间上下界通过参数 lbound_rate 和 ubound_rate 控制
Step3. 使用 PROC POWER 过程计算样本量在区间 [lbound_rate n1, ubound_rate n1] 的检验效能
Step4. 判断区间 [lbound_rate n1, ubound_rate n1] 内是否存在满足任意 n>n0，使得 power(n) > 0.8 且 n0 之后的第一个波谷满足 power > 0.8 的 n0
Step5. 如 Step 4 找到了满足条件的n0，则输出样本量计算结果；否则，根据参数 expand_step 扩展区间上界，重复 Step1-Step4

/*
宏程序功能：单组目标值-精确概率法，计算最保守样本量，计算结果未考虑脱落率。
*/
%macro SampleSize_ExactBinomial(p0, p1, alpha = 0.05, power = 0.8, lbound_rate = 0.8, ubound_rate = 1.2, expand_step = 2
                                OutDataSet = SampleSize_ExactBinomial, DetailInfo = DetainInfo,
                                PowerPlot = Y);
/*
--------------宏参数-----------------
p0: 目标值
p1: 预期值
alpha: 显著性水平
power: 检验效能
lbound\_rate: 寻值区间下界比例
ubound\_rate: 寻值区间上界比例
expand\_step: 扩展区间步长
OutDataSet: 输出样本量估算结果的数据集名称
DetailInfo: 输出样本量估算细节的数据集名称
PowerPlot: 是否绘制功效图
----------------宏变量---------------
ntotal\_normal: 正态近似法估算的样本量
ntotal\_lbound: 寻值区间下界
ntotal\_ubound: 寻值区间上界
IsLocalFindFirst: 是否找到首次满足检验效能的不保守样本量
IsGlobalFind: 是否找到稳定满足检验效能的最保守样本量
LooseMinSampleSize: 首次满足检验效能的不保守样本量
StrictMinSampleSize:稳定满足检验效能的最保守样本量
ActualPower: 最保守样本量下的实际检验效能
*/

    /*近似正态法求得一个粗略的样本量*/
    ods output output = output_normal;
    proc power;
        onesamplefreq test = z method = normal
                      alpha = &alpha
                      power = &power
                      nullproportion = &p0
                      proportion = &p1
                      ntotal = .;
    run;
    proc sql noprint;
        select ntotal into: ntotal_normal from output_normal; /*提取正态近似样本量*/
    quit;
    %let ntotal_lbound = %sysfunc(floor(%sysevalf(&lbound_rate*&ntotal_normal))); /*寻值区间下界*/
    %let ntotal_ubound = %sysfunc(ceil(%sysevalf(&ubound_rate*&ntotal_normal))); /*寻值区间上界*/

    /*在区间[&ntotal\_lbound, &ntotal\_ubound]内多次求Power*/
    ods output output = output_exact;
    proc power;
        onesamplefreq test = exact
                      alpha = &alpha
                      power = .
                      nullproportion = &p0
                      proportion = &p1
                      ntotal = &ntotal_lbound to &ntotal_ubound by 1;
        %if &PowerPlot = Y %then %do;
            plot x = n min = &ntotal_lbound max = &ntotal_ubound step = 1
                 yopts = (ref = &power) xopts = (ref = &ntotal_normal);
        %end;
    run;

    /*左邻点*/
    data power_exact_left;
        if _n_ = 1 then do;
            ntotal = &ntotal_lbound;
            power_left = .;
            output;
        end;
        set output_exact(rename = (power = power_left)
                         keep = ntotal power
                         firstobs = 1 obs = %eval(&ntotal_ubound - &ntotal_lbound));
        ntotal = ntotal + 1;
        label power_left = "左邻点";
        output;
    run;
    /*目标点*/
    data power_exact_mid;
        set output_exact(rename = (power = power_mid) keep = ntotal power);
        label power_mid = "目标点";
    run;
    /*右邻点*/
    data power_exact_right;
        set output_exact(rename = (power = power_right)
                         keep = ntotal power
                         firstobs = 2 obs = %eval(&ntotal_ubound - &ntotal_lbound + 1));
        ntotal = ntotal - 1;
        label power_right = "右邻点";
        output;
        if _n_ = %eval(&ntotal_ubound - &ntotal_lbound) then do;
            ntotal = &ntotal_ubound;
            power_right = .;
            output;
        end;
    run;

    /*寻找最保守的样本量*/
    %let IsLocalFindFirst = 0;
    %let IsGlobalFind = 0;
    data &DetailInfo;
        merge power_exact_left
              power_exact_mid
              power_exact_right;
        label ntotal = "当前样本量"
              power_left = "左侧点效能"
              power_mid = "当前点效能"
              power_right = "右侧点效能"
              min_sample_size = "已知最低样本量"
              is_local_find_first = "首次局部最优解"
              is_local_find = "局部最优解"
              is_global_find = "全局最优解"
              peak = "波峰"
              trough = "波谷";
        retain min_sample_size 0
               is_local_find 0
               is_local_find_first 0
               is_global_find 0;
        if ntotal > &ntotal_lbound and ntotal < &ntotal_ubound then do;
            if power_left < power_mid and power_right < power_mid then peak = "Yes";
            if power_left > power_mid and power_right > power_mid then trough = "Yes";

            if power_mid > &power and is_local_find = 0 then do; /*局部最优解，标记到达检验效能的样本量*/
                min_sample_size = ntotal;
                is_local_find = 1;
                if is_local_find_first = 0 then do; /*首次达到局部最优解，可视为不保守的样本量估算结果*/
                    is_local_find_first = 1;
                    call symput("LooseMinSampleSize", min_sample_size);
                    call symput("IsLocalFindFirst", is_local_find_first);
                end;
            end;
            if power_mid < &power and is_local_find = 1 then do; /*局部最优解的破坏，锯齿状的波谷导致此时的检验效能无法稳定在所需大小之上*/
                min_sample_size = .;
                is_local_find = 0;
            end;
            if power_mid > &power and is_local_find = 1 and is_global_find = 0 and trough = "Yes" then do; /*全局最优解，此时即便是波谷也能达到所需的检验效能，可视为最保守的样本量估算结果*/
                is_global_find = 1;
                call symput("StrictMinSampleSize", min_sample_size);
                call symput("ActualPower", power_mid);
                call symput("IsGlobalFind", is_global_find);
            end;
        end;
    run;

    %if &IsLocalFindFirst = 1 and &IsGlobalFind = 1 %then %do; /*当前区间内找到最保守的样本量，输出结果*/
        /*输出样本量估算结果*/
        data &OutDataSet;
            length Exact1 $50 Exact2 $50;
            label P0 = "目标值"
                  P1 = "预期值"
                  ALPHA = "显著性水平"
                  POWER = "检验效能"
                  Normal = "正态近似"
                  Exact1 = "精确概率法（不保守）"
                  Exact2 = "精确概率法（最保守）";
            P0 = &p0;
            P1 = &p1;
            ALPHA = α
            POWER = &power;
            Normal = &ntotal_normal;
            %if &IsLocalFindFirst = 1 %then %do; Exact1 = put(&LooseMinSampleSize, best.); %end;
            %else %do; Exact1 = "Outside the interval [&ntotal\_lbound, &ntotal\_ubound]"; %end;
            %if &IsGlobalFind = 1 %then %do; Exact2 = put(&StrictMinSampleSize, best.); %end;
            %else %do; Exact2 = "Outside the interval [&ntotal\_lbound, &ntotal\_ubound]"; %end;
        run;

        /*删除数据集*/
        proc delete data = output_exact
                           output_normal
                           power_exact_left
                           power_exact_mid
                           power_exact_right;
        run;

        /*输出日志*/
        %put NOTE: 参数：&=p0, &=p1, &=alpha, &=power;
        %put NOTE: 正态近似法求得最低样本量为&ntotal_normal;
        %if &IsLocalFindFirst = 1 %then %do;
            %put NOTE: 精确概率法求得首次达到检验效能的最低样本量为 %sysfunc(strip(&LooseMinSampleSize)) （不保守）;
        %end;
        %if &IsGlobalFind = 1 %then %do;
            %put NOTE: 精确概率法求得最保守的样本量为 %sysfunc(strip(&StrictMinSampleSize))，实际检验效能为 &ActualPower.;
        %end;
        %else %do;
            %put ERROR: 在样本量区间[&ntotal_lbound, &ntotal_ubound]内没有找到精确的样本量！使用参数LBOUND_RATE、UBOUND_RATE调节区间大小;
        %end;

    %end;
    %else %do; /*当前区间内未找到最保守的样本量，扩大区间继续寻找*/
        %SampleSize_ExactBinomial(p0 = &p0, p1 = &p1, alpha = &alpha, power = &power, lbound_rate = &lbound_rate, ubound_rate = %sysevalf(&ubound_rate + &expand_step),
                                  OutDataSet = &OutDataSet, DetailInfo = &DetailInfo, PowerPlot = &PowerPlot);
    %end;
%mend;

/*Examples
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98);
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98, alpha = 0.1);
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98, alpha = 0.1, power = 0.9);
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98, alpha = 0.1, power = 0.9, lbound\_rate = 0.8, ubound\_rate = 1.3);
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98, OutDataSet = SS);
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98, OutDataSet = SS, DetailInfo = Info);
%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.94, p1 = 0.98, OutDataSet = SS, DetailInfo = Info, PowerPlot = N);

data param;
 n = 1;
 do p1 = 0.940 to 0.980 by 0.002;
 call execute('%nrstr(%SampleSize\_ExactBinomial(p0 = 0.90, p1 = '||p1||', lbound\_rate = 0.6, ubound\_rate = 1.2, OutDataSet = SS'||strip(put(n, best.))||', PowerPlot = N))');
 n = n + 1;
 output;
 end;
run;
data SS;
 set SS1-SS21;
run;
*/

参考文献：

1. Vezzoli S, CROS NT V. Evaluation of Diagnostic Agents: a SAS Macro for Sample Size Estimation Using Exact Methods[C]//SAS Conference Proceedings: Pharmaceutical Users Software Exchange. 2008: 12-15.
2. Chernick M R, Liu C Y. The saw-toothed behavior of power versus sample size and software solutions: single binomial proportion using exact methods[J]. The American Statistician, 2002, 56(2): 149-155.
3. AKTAŞ ALTUNAY S. Effect Size For Saw Tooth Power Function in Binomial Trials[J]. 2015.

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