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今日内容概要
- 序列化多表操作
- 请求与相应
- 视图组件
内容详细
1、序列化多表操作
模型类 models.py中
# 新建django项目
# 创建表 模型类models.py中:
from django.db import models
# 4张表
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE) # to='Publish' 自动关联publish表主键 // on\_delete=models.CASCADE 级联删除
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author')
def \_\_str\_\_(self):
return self.name
@property
def publish\_detail(self): # 定制字段
return {'name': self.publish.name, 'addr': self.publish.city}
@property
def author\_list(self): # 定制字段
l = []
# print(self.authors.all())
for author in self.authors.all():
# print(author.author\_detail)
l.append({'name': author.name, 'age': author.age, 'addr': author.author_detail.addr})
return l
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
age = models.IntegerField()
author_detail = models.OneToOneField(to='AuthorDatail', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
# OneToOneField 就是 ForeignKey + unique=True
class AuthorDatail(models.Model):
telephone = models.BigIntegerField()
addr = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class Publish(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
city = models.CharField(max_length=32)
email = models.EmailField()
"""
在每个表中写入数据一一对应
第五个自动创建的关联表 也写入数据
"""
创建序列化类 serializer.py
from .models import *
from rest_framework import serializers
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Book
# fields = '\_\_all\_\_'
fields = ['id', 'name', 'price', 'authors', 'publish', 'publish\_detail', 'author\_list']
# 由于前端的publish与authors会显示为:id 所以需要定制序列化字段
# depth=1 # 等同于定制序列化的字段(2种方案) 但是尽量不要用,因为它是关联表一层全部取出来
# 定制序列化的字段(2种方案)选择表模型中: 显示出版社名、地址;作者名年龄地址
extra_kwargs = {
'publish': {'write\_only': True}, # 原有的字段就不需要再显示
'authors': {'write\_only': True},
}
class AuthorSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Author
fields = '\_\_all\_\_'
class AuthorDetailSerialzier(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = AuthorDatail
fields = '\_\_all\_\_'
class PublishSerialzier(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Publish
fields = '\_\_all\_\_'
视图类 views.py中:
from .serializer import *
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from app01.models import Book
class BookView(APIView):
# 查询所有图书
def get(self, request):
book_list = Book.objects.all()
ser = BookSerializer(instance=book_list, many=True)
return Response(ser.data)
# 新增图书数据
def post(self, request):
ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({"code": 100, 'msg': '新增成功', 'data': ser.data})
return Response({"code": 101, 'msg': '新增失败', 'err': ser.errors})
class BookDetailView(APIView):
# 查询单条数据
def get(self, request, pk):
book = Book.objects.all().filter(pk=pk).first()
ser = BookSerializer(instance=book)
return Response(ser.data)
# 修改数据
def put(self, request, pk):
book = Book.objects.all().filter(pk=pk).first()
ser = BookSerializer(instance=book, data=request.data)
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({"code": 100, 'msg': '修改成功', 'data': ser.data})
return Response({"code": 101, 'msg': '修改出错', 'err': ser.errors})
# 删除数据
def delete(self, request, pk):
Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
return Response({"code": 100, 'msg': '删除成功'})
路由 urls.py中:
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('books/', views.BookView.as_view()),
path('books/', views.BookView.as_view()),
]
2、请求与相应
2.1 请求
# 请求就是指:Request 类的对象
>>> 新的request对象
# 导入:
from rest_framework.request import Request
# 需要记住的源码:
__getattr__
request.data
request.query_parmas--->self._request.GET
restful规范里,请求地址中带过滤(查询)条件
get请求地址中提交的数据在GET中,
query_parmas:查询参数
# 了解
默认情况下,可以解析 urlencoded,formdata,json
# 案例:
如果我们写了一个接口,想只能处理json格式,或者只能处理formdata
1.局部配置 在views.py中:
from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser, FormParser, MultiPartParser
class PublishView(APIView):
# 局部使用,只针对当前视图类有效
# 只想处理json格式
# parser\_classes = [JSONParser,FormParser,MultiPartParser] # 默认下 是处理三种格式数据
parser_classes = [JSONParser] # 只允许处理 JSONParser格式
def post(self, request):
print(request.data)
return Response('post---publish')
2.全局配置-->要在配置文件中添加:
# REST\_FRAMEWORK 以后是drf的配置
# 所有接口都只能解析json格式
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT\_PARSER\_CLASSES': [
'rest\_framework.parsers.JSONParser',
],
}
3.全局配置解析json,局部某个视图函数想能解析formdata格式
视图类中配置一下即可 就是局部配置(按照使用顺序)
# 如果局部配置如下,会怎么样
parser_classes = [] # 所有格式都补不能解析了
# 使用顺序:
即使我们没有配置局部或者全局,也有默认配置:3个数据模式都能解析
视图类中配的(优先用)
项目配置文件的配置(其次)
drf有默认配置(最后)
drf的默认配置:from rest_framework import settings
# 总结:
一般情况下,都使用默认即可,不用配置(三种格式数据都能解析)
2.2 响应
# 其实就是:Respone 返回给前端的
# 导入:
from rest_framework.response import Response
# 源码分析
1.属性:
data=None, # 返回给前端的数据:可以是 字符串,字典,列表 就是给http响应body体中内容-->也可以是response对象中取出数据并 处理
status=None, # 响应状态码:1xx,2xx,3xx,默认是200
headers=None, # 响应头 字典
了解:
template_name=None, # 模板名字(不用),用浏览器访问时,可以改
exception=False, # 异常处理
content_type=None # 响应编码格式
from rest_framework.status import HTTP_201_CREATED
Response(ser.data,status=HTTP_201_CREATED)
2.响应格式 跟解析数据格式类似
# 局部配置 在视图类 views.py中配置:
from rest_framework.renderers import JSONRenderer, BrowsableAPIRenderer
class BookDetailView(APIView):
renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer, ]
# 全局设置 在配置文件中配置:
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT\_RENDERER\_CLASSES': ( # 默认响应渲染类
'rest\_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer', # json渲染器
'rest\_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer', # 浏览API渲染器
)
}
3、视图组件
# APIView
from rest_framework.views import APIView
类属性 renderer_classes,parser_classes...
get方法,post方法,delete方法 写法跟之前的View一样,只不过request对象变成了新的request
比之前的View多了三大认证和全局异常处理
# GenericAPIView 继承了APIView 但是多了属性和方法
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
属性(先记两个):
queryset = None
serializer_class = None
方法:
get_queryset
get_object
get_serializer
# 5个视图扩展类(不是视图类,没有集成APIView,需要配合GenericAPIView)
from rest_framework.mixins import
CreateModelMixin,
ListModelMixin,
DestroyModelMixin,
RetrieveModelMixin,
UpdateModelMixin
# 9个视图子类
from rest_framework.generics import
CreateAPIView,
ListAPIView,
DestroyAPIView,
RetrieveAPIView,
UpdateAPIView,
ListCreateAPIView,
RetrieveUpdateAPIView,
RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView,
RetrieveDestroyAPIView
# 视图集
from rest_framework.viewsets import
# 两个视图类
ModelViewSet, ReadOnlyModelViewSet,
# 视图类
ViewSet, GenericViewSet,
# 魔法类
ViewSetMixin
继承GenericAPIView 重写视图类
# 添加路由:
path('publishs/', views.PublishDetailView.as_view()),
# 视图类复制过来并做修改:
# 第一层:继承APIView写视图类
# 第二层:继承GenericAPIView写视图类
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
class PublishView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublishSerialzier
# 查询所有图书
def get(self, request):
# obj = self.queryset
obj = self.get_queryset() # 等同于上面,obj = self.queryset 并且更好一些
# ser = self.serializers(instance=obj, many=True)
# ser=self.get\_serializer\_class()(instance=obj,many=True) # 等同于上面
ser = self.get_serializer(instance=obj, many=True) # 等同于上面
return Response(ser.data)
# 新增图书数据
def post(self, request):
# ser = BookSerializer(data=request.data)
ser = self.get_serializer(data=request.data) # 等同于上面
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({"code": 100, 'msg': '新增成功', 'data': ser.data})
return Response({"code": 101, 'msg': '新增失败', 'err': ser.errors})
class PublishDetailView(GenericAPIView):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublishSerialzier
# 查询单条数据
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# book = Book.objects.all().filter(pk=pk).first()
obj = self.get_object() # 等同于上面
# ser = BookSerializer(instance=book)
ser = self.get_serializer(instance=obj) # 等同于上面
return Response(ser.data)
# 修改数据
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# book = Book.objects.all().filter(pk=pk).first()
obj = self.get_object() # 等同于上面
# ser = BookSerializer(instance=book, data=request.data)
ser = self.get_serializer(instance=obj, data=request.data) # 等同于上面
if ser.is_valid():
ser.save()
return Response({"code": 100, 'msg': '修改成功', 'data': ser.data})
return Response({"code": 101, 'msg': '修改出错', 'err': ser.errors})
# 删除数据
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
self.get_object().delete()
return Response({"code": 100, 'msg': '删除成功'})
4、通过GenericAPIView + 5个视图扩展类 重写视图类
# 第三层:GenericAPIView+5个视图扩展类 重写视图类
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
from rest_framework.mixins import CreateModelMixin, ListModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, UpdateModelMixin
class PublishView(GenericAPIView, CreateModelMixin, ListModelMixin):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublishSerialzier
# 查询所有图书
def get(self, request):
return super().list(request) # list(request)ListModelMixin的方法
# 新增图书数据
def post(self, request):
return super().list(request) # create(request)ListModelMixin的方法
class PublishDetailView(GenericAPIView, UpdateModelMixin, RetrieveModelMixin, DestroyModelMixin):
queryset = Publish.objects.all()
serializer_class = PublishSerialzier
# 查询单条数据
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super().retrieve(request, *args, **kwargs)
# 修改数据
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super().update(request, *args, **kwargs)
# 删除数据
def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super().destroy(request, *args, **kwargs)
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