CMake库搜索函数居然不搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH

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摘要: 本文通过编译后运行找不到库文件的问题引入,首先分析了find_package(JNI)的工作流程,而后针对cmake不搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH的问题,提出了一种通用的解决办法。

本文分享自华为云社区《CMake库搜索函数居然不搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH? 由编译工具使用体验而引发的思考》,作者: 蜉蝣与海 。

最近产品要使用JNI技术,CMake编译C++代码时需要对外链接libjvm.so库。代码编译倒是正常,系统中也有libjvm.so, 然而使用时却报了如下异常:

error while loading shared libraries: libjvm.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

这个报错表示,操作系统并没有找到libjvm.so, 我们的操作系统是从LD_LIBRARY_PATH中搜索这些动态链接库,很显然目前libjvm.so并不在这个目录下。

问题的解决倒是简单,直接在LD_LIBRARY_PATH里加入libjvm.so的库即可。但是这却引发了我的思考:

为什么构建时可以找到libjvm.so, 运行时却找不到呢?

这个问题的回答,既可以有简明扼要版解释,又可以刨根问底深挖。

先来看简明扼要版解释:

代码的CMakeList中使用了下列语句,在编译过程中寻找并链接libjvm.so,这个搜索方式和操作系统的搜索方式不同:

find\_package(JNI)
get\_filename\_component(JVM\_LIB\_PATH ${JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY} DIRECTORY)
get\_filename\_component(JAVA\_LIB\_PATH ${JVM\_LIB\_PATH} DIRECTORY)
link\_directories(${JVM\_LIB\_PATH} ${JAVA\_LIB\_PATH})
set\_target\_properties(${NAME} PROPERTIES LINK\_FLAGS "-ljvm")

其中find_package(JNI)会搜索libjvm.so可能存在的路径,通过get_filename_component来获得libjvm.so的文件夹,并把这个文件夹设为默认搜索库路径。而后set_target_properties会进行链接工作。

这个答案只能告诉我们“是什么”,但是作为一只程序猿,还要了解“为什么”,这里引申几个问题讨论:

  1. find_package(JNI)的工作过程是怎样的?为什么LD_LIBRARY_PATH里没找到的依赖库,cmake可以找到
  2. cmake的库搜索函数find_library会搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH吗,如果不会,可以通过设置来搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH吗?

问题一:find_package(JNI)的工作过程是怎样的

为了方便开发者引用外部包,cmake官方预定义了许多寻找依赖包的Module, 他们存储在cmake的/share/-cmake-/Modules目录下。每个以Find.cmake命名的文件都可以帮我们找到一个包[1]。在本地计算机执行以下指令,即可找到find_package(JNI)使用的脚本文件。

find / -name FindJNI.cmake

打开自己的cmake对应的FindJNI文件,可以看到密密麻麻的注释和脚本,通过阅读这些脚本,我们得以得知FindJNI是如何工作的。

分析问题前,先看问题带来的结果,文件最上方注释有如下说明:

This module sets the following result variables:
``JNI\_INCLUDE\_DIRS``
 the include dirs to use
``JNI\_LIBRARIES``
 the libraries to use (JAWT and JVM)
``JNI\_FOUND``
 TRUE if JNI headers and libraries were found.
Cache Variables
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The following cache variables are also available to set or use:
``JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY``
 the path to the Java AWT Native Interface (JAWT) library
``JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY``
 the path to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) library
``JAVA\_INCLUDE\_PATH``
 the include path to jni.h
``JAVA\_INCLUDE\_PATH2``
 the include path to jni\_md.h and jniport.h
``JAVA\_AWT\_INCLUDE\_PATH``
 the include path to jawt.h

这段代码表明,执行find_package(JNI)之后,会有一系列变量被设置,其中包括表示JNI是否被找到的变量JNI_FOUND,以及表示libjvm.so的变量JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY。这些变量在设定之后,通过FindPackageHandleStandardArgs导出,返回调用处,FindPackageHandleStandardArgs是cmake专门用来导出变量的宏[2]:

include(${CMAKE\_CURRENT\_LIST\_DIR}/FindPackageHandleStandardArgs.cmake)
FIND\_PACKAGE\_HANDLE\_STANDARD\_ARGS(JNI DEFAULT\_MSG JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY
 JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY
 JAVA\_INCLUDE\_PATH
 JAVA\_INCLUDE\_PATH2
 JAVA\_AWT\_INCLUDE\_PATH)

在文件中定位JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY, 可以追踪到下述代码片段:

foreach(search ${\_JNI\_SEARCHES})
 find\_library(JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY ${\_JNI\_${search}\_JVM})
 find\_library(JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY ${\_JNI\_${search}\_JAWT})
 if(JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY)
 break()
 endif()
endforeach()

由此可知,JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY这个变量,是通过逐个搜索${_JNI_${search}_JVM}里的文件夹进而确定JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY的。而${_JNI_${search}_JVM}相关的定义语句如图:

set(\_JNI\_FRAMEWORK\_JVM NAMES JavaVM)
set(\_JNI\_NORMAL\_JVM
 NAMES jvm
 PATHS ${JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES}
 )

其中JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY_DIRECTORIES中涉及了大量可能的libjvm.so存在的路径。

set(JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES)
foreach(dir ${JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES})
 list(APPEND JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES
 "${dir}"
 "${dir}/client"
 "${dir}/server"
 # IBM SDK, Java Technology Edition, specific paths
 "${dir}/j9vm"
 "${dir}/default"
 )
endforeach()
set(JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES)
if(\_JAVA\_HOME)
 JAVA\_APPEND\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES(JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES
 ${\_JAVA\_HOME}/jre/lib/{libarch}
 ${\_JAVA\_HOME}/jre/lib
 ${\_JAVA\_HOME}/lib/{libarch}
 ${\_JAVA\_HOME}/lib
 ${\_JAVA\_HOME}
 )
endif()
JAVA\_APPEND\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES(JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY\_DIRECTORIES
 ${\_JNI\_JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY\_TRIES}
 )
foreach(\_java\_dir IN LISTS \_JNI\_JAVA\_DIRECTORIES\_BASE)
 list(APPEND \_JNI\_JAVA\_AWT\_LIBRARY\_TRIES
 ${\_java\_dir}/jre/lib/{libarch}
 ${\_java\_dir}/jre/lib
 ${\_java\_dir}/lib/{libarch}
 ${\_java\_dir}/lib
 ${\_java\_dir}
 )
 list(APPEND \_JNI\_JAVA\_INCLUDE\_TRIES
 ${\_java\_dir}/include
 )
endforeach()

如上图所示,变量依赖顺序如下:

JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY_DIRECTORIES => JAVA_AWT_LIBRARY_DIRECTORIES => _JNI_JAVA_AWT_LIBRARY_TRIES & _JAVA_HOME => _JNI_JAVA_DIRECTORIES_BASE

最终发现JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY_DIRECTORIES变量的值,是由JAVA_HOME变量的值和_JNI_JAVA_DIRECTORIES_BASE变量的值共同决定的。而JNI_JAVA_DIRECTORY_BASE预置了大量预定义路径:

set(\_JNI\_JAVA\_DIRECTORIES\_BASE
 /usr/lib/jvm/java
 /usr/lib/java
 /usr/lib/jvm
 /usr/local/lib/java
 /usr/local/share/java
 /usr/lib/j2sdk1.4-sun
 /usr/lib/j2sdk1.5-sun
 /opt/sun-jdk-1.5.0.04
  /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun
 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun
 /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.00       # can this one be removed according to #8821 ? Alex
 /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk
 /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.6.0-openjdk-1.6.0.0 # fedora
 # Debian specific paths for default JVM
 /usr/lib/jvm/default-java
 # Arch Linux specific paths for default JVM
 /usr/lib/jvm/default
 # Ubuntu specific paths for default JVM
 /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-{libarch}    # Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
 /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-{libarch}    # Ubuntu 15.10
  /usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk-{libarch}    # Ubuntu 15.10
  /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk-{libarch}    # Ubuntu 15.10
 # OpenBSD specific paths for default JVM
 /usr/local/jdk-1.7.0
  /usr/local/jre-1.7.0
  /usr/local/jdk-1.6.0
  /usr/local/jre-1.6.0
 # SuSE specific paths for default JVM
 /usr/lib64/jvm/java
 /usr/lib64/jvm/jre
 )

通过以上分析可以看出,JAVA_JVM_LIBRARY的搜索,依赖JAVA_HOME和大量预定义路径。

问题二:cmake库搜索函数find_library会搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH吗

通过阅读Does CMake's find_library search LD_LIBRARY_PATH可以知道,find_library默认不搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH, 并且网上也找不到让cmake搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH的文章。

那cmake能搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH吗?

答案是可以的,通过cmake获取LD_LIBRARY_PATH环境变量,并转为cmake可理解的list格式,而后注入find_library即可,代码如下:

string(REPLACE ":" ";" RUNTIME\_PATH "$ENV{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH}")
find\_library(JVM\_API NAMES jvm HINTS ${RUNTIME\_PATH})
if (JVM\_API STREQUAL "JVM\_API-NOTFOUND")
 message(WARNING "found libjvm.so only in ${JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY} but not in LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH. environment variable LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH must include its' directory.")
endif()

如果希望找不到这个库时编译失败,可以将WARNING改为fatal_error, 代码如下:

string(REPLACE ":" ";" RUNTIME\_PATH "$ENV{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH}")
find\_library(JVM\_API NAMES jvm HINTS ${RUNTIME\_PATH})
if (JVM\_API STREQUAL "JVM\_API-NOTFOUND")
 message(FATAL\_ERROR "found libjvm.so only in ${JAVA\_JVM\_LIBRARY} but not in LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH. environment variable LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH must include its' directory.")
endif()

小结

本文通过编译后运行找不到库文件的问题引入,首先分析了find_package(JNI)的工作流程,而后针对cmake不搜索LD_LIBRARY_PATH的问题,提出了一种通用的解决办法。

参考文献:

[1] Cmake之深入理解find_package()的用法:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/97369704?utm\_source=wechat\_session

[2] Cmake中find_package命令的搜索模式之模块模式(Module mode):https://www.jianshu.com/p/f983a90bcf91

[3]Does CMake's find_library search LD_LIBRARY_PATH?:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41566316/does-cmakes-find-library-search-ld-library-path

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